Surveillance of Black Families in the Family Policing System
[1] Browne, S. (2015). Dark matters: On the surveillance of Blackness (p. 10). Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/dark-matters
[2] Ibid., 18.
[3] Ibid., 162.
[4] Ibid., 17.
[5] Ibid.
[6] Ibid.
[7] Ibid., 49.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Nellis, A. (2021, October 13). The color of justice: Racial and ethnic disparity in state prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons/
[10] Gordon, D. (2020). The police as place-consolidators: The organizational amplification of urban inequality. Law & Social Inquiry, 45(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.31
[11] Walia, HJ. (2021). Border & rule: Global migration, capitalism, and the rise of racist nationalism. Haymarket Books (p. 31). https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1553-border-and-rule
[12] Putnam-Hornstein, E., Ahn, E., Prindle, J., Magruder, J., Webster, D., & Wildeman, C. (2021). Cumulative rates of child protection involvement and terminations of parental rights in a California birth cohort, 1999-2017. American Journal of Public Health, 111, 1157-1163. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306214
[13] Jung, M., & Costa Vargas, J. H. (Eds.). (2021). Antiblackness. Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/antiblackness
[14] Samudzi, Z., & Anderson, W. C. (2018). As Black as resistance: Finding the conditions for liberation (pp. 48-49). AK Press. https://www.akpress.org/as-black-as-resistance.html
[15] Ibid.
[16] Farley, A. P. (2021). Toward a general theory of antiblackness. In M. Jung & J. H. Costa Vargas (Eds.), Antiblackness (pp. 82-106). Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/antiblackness
[17] Hartman, S. (2007). Lose your mother: A journey along the Atlantic slave route. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374531157
[18] Farley, A. P. (2021). Toward a general theory of antiblackness. In M. Jung & J. H. Costa Vargas (Eds.), Antiblackness (pp. 82-106). Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/antiblackness
[19] Walia, HJ. (2021). Border & rule: Global migration, capitalism, and the rise of racist nationalism. Haymarket Books (p.31). https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1553-border-and-rule
[20] Hartman, S. (2007). Lose your mother: A journey along the Atlantic slave route. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374531157
[21] Rodriguez, D. (2021). “Mass incarceration” as misnomer: Chattel/domestic war and the problem of narrativity (p. 173). In M. Jung & J. H. Costa Vargas (Eds.), Antiblackness (pp. 171-197). Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/antiblackness
[22] Ibid.
[23] Roberts, D. (1997). Killing the Black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. Random House/Pantheon. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/155575/killing-the-black-body-by-dorothy-roberts/
[24] Rodriguez, D. (2021). “Mass incarceration” as misnomer: Chattel/domestic war and the problem of narrativity (p. 173). In M. Jung & J. H. Costa Vargas (Eds.), Antiblackness (pp. 171-197). Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/antiblackness
[25] Samudzi, Z., & Anderson, W. C. (2018). As Black as resistance: Finding the conditions for liberation (pp. 41). AK Press. https://www.akpress.org/as-black-as-resistance.html
[26] Patterson, O. (1982). Slavery and social death: A comparative study. Harvard University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674986909
[27] Roberts, D. (2002). Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare. Basic Books. https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/dorothy-roberts/shattered-bonds/9780465070596/
[28] Browne, S. (2015). Dark matters: On the surveillance of Blackness (p. 53). Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/dark-matters
[29] Palusci, V. J., & Botash, A. S. (2021). Race and bias in child maltreatment diagnosis and reporting. Pediatrics, 148(1). https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/148/1/e2020049625
[30] Ibid.
[31] Children’s Bureau. (2020). The AFCARS report: Preliminary FY 2019 estimates as of June 23, 2020 –
No. 27. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/afcars-report-27. See also https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/racial_disproportionality.pdf
[32] Abdurahman, J. K. (2021). Calculating the souls of Black folk: Predictive analytics in the New York City Administration for Children’s Services. Columbia Journal of Race and Law Forum, 11(4), 75-110. https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/cjrl/article/view/8741
[33] Child Trends. (2016). Child well-being: Constructs to measure child well-being and risk and protective factors that affect the development of young children. https://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2016-61ConstructsMeasureChildWellbeing.pdf
[34] Rosanbalm, K. D., Snyder, E. H., Lawarence, C. N., Coleman, K., Frey, J. J., van den Ende, J. B., & Dodge, K. A. (2016). Child wellbeing assessment in child welfare: A review of four measures. Children and Youth Services Review, 68, 1-16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740916302006#bb0540
[35] Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2019, February). About CAPTA: A legislative history. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/about.pdf
[36] Fix This. (2021, April 9). Mission critical cloud: Physical wellbeing
. Amazon Web Services. https://aws.amazon.com/podcasts/36-fix-this/
[37] Family First Prevention Services Act of 2017, H.R. 253, 115th Cong. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/253/text
[38] Ibid.
[39] Abdurahman, K. (2021). Calculating the souls of Black folk: Predictive analytics in New York City Administration for Children’s Services. Columbia Journal of Race and Law Forum, 11, 75-110. https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/cjrl/article/view/8741
[40] Ibid.
[41] Family First Prevention Services Act of 2017, H.R. 253, 115th Cong. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/253/text
[42] Ibid.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Grench, E. (2021, September 8). New school year brings new concerns of pandemic ‘educational neglect’ child welfare probes. The City. https://www.thecity.nyc/education/2021/9/8/22663662/new-school-year-brings-new-concerns-of-pandemic-educational-neglect-child-welfare-probes
[45] Valley Children’s Healthcare. (2021). Detection of Child Abuse in Virtual Learning. https://www.co.fresno.ca.us/home/showpublisheddocument/50251/637377660410670000
[46] Amrit, C., Paauw, T., Aly, R., & Lavric, M. (2017). Identifying child abuse through text mining and machine learning (p. 405). Expert Systems with Applications, 88, 402-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.06.035
[47] Ibid.
[48] Ibid., 404.
[49] Roberts, D. (2017). What’s race got to do with medicine? TED Radio Hour. https://www.npr.org/2017/02/10/514150399/what-s-race-got-to-do-with-medicine; Taylor, J.K. (2020). Structural racism and maternal health among Black women. The Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, 48(3), 506-517. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958875
[50] Marx, G. T. (2005). Surveillance and society. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Theory (pp. 817-821). Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952552.n303
[51] Ibid.
[52] Medina, S.P., Sell, K., Kavanagh, J., Curtis, C., & Wood, J.N. (2012). Tracking child abuse and neglect: The role of multiple data sources in improving child safety. PolicyLab Center to Bridge Research, Practice, & Policy; The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. https://policylab.chop.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/publications/PolicyLab_EtoA_Tracking_Child_Abuse_and_Neglect_2012.pdf
[53] Lyon, D. (2003). Technology vs. ‘terrorism’: Circuits of city surveillance since September 11th. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27, 666-678.
[54] S.B. S7553A, 2020 Montgomery, 2019-2020 Legislative Session. https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2019/s7553/amendment/a
Regulating Families: How the Family Policing System Deconstructs Black, Indigenous and Latinx Families and Upholds White Family Supremacy
[1] Briggs, L. (2021). Taking children: A history of American terror. University of California Press.
[2] NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund. (2009). “Post racial” America? Not yet: Why the fight for voting rights continues after the election of Barack Obama.
[3] This paper specifically refers to slavery during the colonial and antebellum eras, though it is essential to acknowledge that enslavement persists presently all over the world, including in the U.S., particularly through the trafficking and labor exploitation of migrants. This range of dates starts at the 1619 origin of the formalized transatlantic slave trade and ends at the 1865 ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, ending chattel slavery. It is important to recognize that while the transatlantic slave trade was legally halted in 1808, recent evidence and anecdotes from Zora Neale Hurston’s Barracoon about the Clotilda slave ship tells us that this practice persisted illegally until 1860.
[4] Puzzanchera, C., Taylor, M., Kang, W. and Smith, J. (2022). Disproportionality rates for children of color in foster care dashboard. National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.
[5] DeGruy, J. (2017). Post traumatic slave syndrome: America’s legacy of enduring injury and healing. Joy DeGruy Publications Inc.
[6] Puzzanchera, C., Taylor, M., Kang, W. and Smith, J. (2022). Disproportionality rates for children of color in foster care dashboard. National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.
[7] Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction, 1892.
[8] Pember, M. A. (2019). Death by civilization. The Atlantic.
[9] Pember, M. A. (2016). Intergenerational trauma: Understanding Natives’ inherited pain. Indian Country Today Media Network.
[10] King, W. (2011). Stolen children. Indiana University Press.
[11] Goldstein, A. (2014). Possessive investment: Indian removals and the affective entitlements of Whiteness. American Quarterly, 66(4), 1077-1084.
[12] Alexander, M. (2020). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness – 10th anniversary edition. New Press.
[13] Okie, S. (2009). The epidemic that wasn’t. The New York Times.
[14] Schlosser, E. (1998). The prison industrial complex. The Atlantic.
[15] Ibid.
[16] Ibid.
[17] The Sentencing Project. (n.d.). Criminal justice facts.
[18] National Institute of Justice. (n.d.). U.S. incarceration rates by race and sex.
[19] Roberts, D. (n.d.). ASFA: An assault on family preservation. Frontline.
[20] Rich, S. (1984). Reagan welfare cuts found to worsen families’ poverty. The Washington Post.
[21] Roberts, D. (2002). Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare. Basic Books.
[22] Rich, S. (1984). Reagan welfare cuts found to worsen families’ poverty. The Washington Post.
[23] Roberts, D. (2002). Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare. Basic Books.
[24] Ibid, 90-91.
[25] Roberts, D. (2002). Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare. Basic Books.
[26] National Public Radio. (2018). Transcript: Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen’s full interview with NPR.
[27] Salama, V. (2018). Trump defends separating families at the border. The Wall Street Journal.
[28] Ye Hee Lee, M. (2015). Donald Trump’s false comments connecting Mexican immigrants and crime. The Washington Post.
[29] Licona, A. C., & Luibhéid, E. (2018). The regime of destruction: Separating families and caging children. Feminist Formations, 30(3), 47-48.
[30] Edelman, A. (2018). Trump signs order stopping his policy of separating families at border. NBC News.
[31] Washington, J. (2019). The government has taken at least 1,100 children from their parents since family separations officially ended. The Intercept.
[32] Dickerson, C. (2019). ‘There is a stench’: Soiled clothes and no baths for migrant children at a Texas center. The New York Times.
[33] Associated Press. (2019). Migrant kids split at border were harmed in foster care, claims say. USA Today.
[34] Ibid.
[35] Borger, J. (2018). Fleeing a hell the US helped create: Why Central Americans journey north. The Guardian.
[36] A substantial body of evidence portrays non-biological father figures as risk factors, and caseworkers historically have been trained to be less trusting of non-biological men in the home. See A. Radhakrishna, I. E. Bou-Saada, W.M. Hunter, D. J. Catellier, and J. B. Kotchs’ “Are father surrogates a risk factor for child maltreatment?” (2001) and J. Rosenberg and W. B. Wilcoxs’ “Child abuse and neglect user manual series.” The Importance of Fathers in the Healthy Development of Children (2006).
[37] Brico, E. (2018). How child protective services can skip due process. Talk Poverty.
[38] Minoff, E., & Citrin, A. (2022). Systemically neglected: How racism structures public systems to produce child neglect. Center for the Study of Social Policy.
[39] Fong, K. (2019). Concealment and constraint: Child protective services fears and poor mothers institutional engagement. Social Forces, 97(4), 1785-1810.
[40] The Hamilton Project. (2016). Rates of drug use and sales, by race; rates of drug related criminal justice measures, by race.
[41] Center for the Study of Social Policy. (2011). Disparities and disproportionality in child welfare: Analysis of the research.
Unlearning Punishment: Family Policing Abolition as Liberatory Praxis
[1] Kaba, M., & Hassan, S. (2019). Fumbling towards repair: A workbook for community accountability facilitators (p. 13). Project NIA and Just Practice.
[2] Kaba, M. (2021). We do this ‘til we free us: Abolitionist organizing and transforming justice. Haymarket Books.
[3] Project NIA, Interrupting Criminalization, & Kaba, M. (2021, May 8). Against punishment.
[4] Ibid, 13.
[5] Ibid, 6.
[6] Ibid, 6.
[7] Segura, L. & Smith, J. (2022). Melissa Lucio’s life was spared at the last minute. What happens next? The Intercept.
[8] Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt. (1898). The study of the Negro problems.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 11, 1-23.
[9]Coates, T. (2014, June). A Case for reparations. The Atlantic.
[10] Davis, P. C. (1998). Neglected Stories. Macmillan.
[11] Sinha, A. (2021). A lineage of family separation. Brooklyn Law Review.
[12] Still, W. (2019). Passengers: True stories of the underground railroad. (Mills, Q.T., Ed.). Vintage. (original work published 1872).
[13] Ibid.
[14] Watkins, J. (1852). Narrative of the Life of James Watkins. Dodo Press.
[15] Billingsley, A., & Giovannoni, J. M. (1972). Children of the storm: Black children and American child welfare. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; Dettlaff, A. J., Weber, K., Pendleton, M., Boyd, R., Bettencourt, B., & Burton, L. (2020). It is not a broken system, it is a system that needs to be broken: the upEND movement to abolish the child welfare system. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 14(5); Harvey, B., & Whitman, K. L. (2020, July 09). Child welfare and a just future: From a moment to a movement. The Imprint; Roberts, D. E. (2003). Child welfare and civil rights. Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law.
[16] Dettlaff, A. J., Weber, K., Pendleton, M., Boyd, R., Bettencourt, B., & Burton, L. (2020). It is not a broken system, it is a system that needs to be broken: the upEND movement to abolish the child welfare system. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 14(5).
[17] Child Abuse, WV Code §61-8D-4 (2019); Child neglect in the second degree, Oregon ORS §163.545 (2021).
[18] U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2020). Child Maltreatment 2020.
[19] Abdurahaman, J.K. (2021). Calculating the souls of Black folk: Predictive analytics in the New York City Administration for Children’s Services. Columbia Journal for Race and Law, 11(4); Copeland, V. & Pendeleton, M. (2021). Surveillance of Black families in the family policing system. upEND Movement.
[20] Copeland, V. (2021). It’s the only system we’ve got”: Exploring emergency response decision-making in child welfare. Columbia Journal for Race and Law, 11(4).
[21] Ibid.
[22]Fitzgerald, M. (2020). New York limits access to parents’ names on child abuse and neglect registry. The Imprint.
[23] Ellerbe, C. Z., Jones, J. B., & Carlson, M. J. (2018). Race/ethnic differences in non-resident fathers’ involvement after a non-marital birth. Social Science Quarterly, 99(3), 1158-1182.
[24] Harvey, B., Whitman, K., & Howard, T. (2020). The disenfranchisement of Black foster youth: An analysis of Los Angeles County public school data. UCLA Black Male Institute.
[25] Wood, J. L., Harris III, F., & Howard, T. C. (2018). Get out! Black male suspensions in California public schools. Community College Equity Assessment Lab and the UCLA Black Male Institute.
[26] Bederian-Gardner, D., Hobbs, S. D., Ogle, C. M., Goodman, G. S., Cordón, I. M., Bakanosky, S., … & NYTD/CYTD Research Group. (2018). Instability in the lives of foster and nonfoster youth: Mental health impediments and attachment insecurities. Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 159-167; Morton, B. M. (2015). Barriers to academic achievement for foster youth: The story behind the statistics. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 29(4), 476-491.
[27] Tiano, S. (2022, May 18). Notorious Los Angeles children’s shelter was once a ‘house of horrors,’ lawsuit alleges. The Imprint; Myers, A. (2021). The space between life, death and opportunity: When I was 16. The Imprint.
[28] Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2016). Mental and physical health of children in foster care. Pediatrics, 138(5).
[29] Perry, K. J., & Price, J. M. (2018). Concurrent child history and contextual predictors of children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 125–136.
[30] Young, A. & Kaba, M. (2021). Moving past punishment. In Nopper, T.K. (Ed.). We do this ‘til we free us: Abolitionist organizing and transforming justice. Haymarket Books.
[31] Project NIA, Interrupting Criminalization, & Kaba, M. (2021, May 8). Against punishment.
[32] Ibid.
[33] Young, A. & Kaba, M. (2021). Moving past punishment. In Nopper, T.K. (Ed.). We do this ‘til we free us: Abolitionist organizing and transforming justice. Haymarket Books.
[34] Brown, A., brown, a.m., & Kaba, M. (2021). The practices we need: #MeToo and transformative justice. In Nopper, T.K. (Ed.). We do this ‘til we free us: Abolitionist organizing and transforming justice. Haymarket Books.
[35] Kaba, M. (2021). We do this ‘til we free us: Abolitionist organizing and transforming justice. Haymarket Books.
[36] These three co-authors bring various perspectives and experiences regarding the family policing system. Throughout the text authors may pull from different sources of evidence including their personal experiences within the system.